8,226,328 determined IDR line items, 2023 Q1–2025 Q4 · provider offer selected in 84.9% · median selected offer 3.92x the QPA (n = 6,765,060)
Federal IDR outcomes, counted from the CMS files
IDR Data turns the CMS public use files for the No Surprises Act’s Federal Independent Dispute Resolution process into plain benchmarks: how often the provider or facility offer was picked, how the picked offer compared with the qualifying payment amount (QPA), and how long decisions took. In 2023 Q1–2025 Q4, 8,226,328 dispute line items reached a provider or plan determination, and the provider or facility offer prevailed in 84.9% of them (median selected offer 3.92x the QPA).
Use the sentence above to narrow by specialty, state, payer and CPT code, or browse the static benchmark pages for states, specialties and CPT codes. The resources page explains the process, and the methodology lists every definition and caveat.
FAQ
Where do these numbers come from?
From the quarterly CMS Federal IDR public use files, OON Emergency & Non-Emergency file, reporting quarters 2023 Q1 to 2025 Q4. Only disputes that reached a payment determination are in the files; withdrawn, settled and ineligible disputes are not.
What does the win rate measure?
The share of determined dispute line items in which the certified IDR entity selected the provider or facility offer. Split decisions are left out of the count and default decisions are kept in.
What is payment vs QPA?
The CMS field “Prevailing Party Offer as % of QPA”, shown as a multiple: 1.00x means the selected offer equalled the QPA. Medians are shown with the 25th and 75th percentiles.
Why are some figures missing?
A figure is shown only when at least 30 line items stand behind it, and median days are never pooled across years because CMS changed how it counts them in 2025.
How much were providers awarded?
In 2024 Q3–2025 Q4, the CMS QPA and Offers files list 5,594,409 decided line items with both a QPA and a prevailing offer. The prevailing offers total $14.19B against $2.40B in QPAs (5.91x, or $11.79B above the QPA). The median award per line item was $598 (median QPA $151). Dollar amounts are not available before 2024 Q3. These are selected offers, not payments received.